Causa, M. T., C. Fainstein, G. Nieva, R. S\'anchez, L. B. Steren, M. Tovar, R. Zysler, D. C. Vier, S. Schultz, S. B. Oseroff et al. "Crystal-field interaction in the GdxEu1-xBa2Cu3O7-? superconductors." Physical Review B 38 (1988): 257–261.
Abstract: We report here experimental data on the crystal-field interaction of gadolinium ions with their environment in GdxEu1-xBa2Cu3O7-?. The ESR spectrum and a Schottky anomaly in the specific heat of dilute samples (x?1) indicate the existence of a crystal-field splitting of the 8S7/2 ground state of Gd3+ ions of about 1.5 K. We discuss the parametrization of the measured splitting in terms of an effective Hamiltonian, and the microscopic origin of the interaction within the framework of a superposition model. Since the single-ion energies involved are of the same order of magnitude as the energies associated with the magnetic ordering of the Gd3+ moments in GdBa2Cu3O7-? (TN?2.24 K), we analyze the effects of the crystal-field interaction on the magnetic transition.
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Causa, M. T., C. Fainstein, G. Nieva, R. Sánchez, L. B. Steren, M. Tovar, R. Zysler, D. C. Vier, S. Schultz, S. B. Oseroff et al. "Crystal Field Interaction and Magnetic Order in GdBa2Cu3O7." In Progress in High Temperature Superconductivity, edited by J. L. Heiras. Vol. 5. N.J.: World Scientific, 1988.
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