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Luzuriaga, J. "Sphere on a vibrating reed for measurements of turbulence in superfluid helium." Journal of Alloys and Compounds (2000): 265–268.
Abstract: A modification of the vibrating reed, in which a massive sphere is made to oscillate at the end of a cantilevered beam, has been used for measurements in superfluid helium. The apparatus operates in the same way as a conventional vibrating reed with capacitive detection and drive. However, when operating submerged in the liquid, the frequency changes give information on the superfluid fraction, and the dissipation can be used to obtain information on the change of liquid flow, from laminar to turbulent. The spherical geometry allows an exact calculation of all parameters in the laminar regime, so departures due to the turbulence can be better quantified. The method has been found to work well in practice, and some measurements on the turbulent regime in the superfluid are presented.
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Luzuriaga, J. "Measurements in the laminar and turbulent regime of superfluid4He by means of an oscillating sphere." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 108, no. 3-4 (1997): 267–277.
Abstract: The translational oscillations of a sphere in liquid helium have been measured as a way of studying superfluid turbulence. Experiments were carried out in the laminar flow regime for reference purposes, and good agreement found between measured and calculated quantities. In the turbulent region, the dissipation is found to be proportional to the square of the velocity of the sphere, as found previously by other workers. For high vibration amplitudes there is an increase in the hydrodynamic mass. This seems to scale with the superfluid fraction in a way that strongly suggests that the superfluid component plays an important role in the turbulent regime.
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Zemma, E., and J. Luzuriaga. "Anomalous Trajectories of H2 Solid Particles Observed Near a Sphere Oscillating in Superfluid Turbulent 4He." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 173, no. 1-2 (2013): 71–79.
Abstract: Using a relatively low cost apparatus, consisting of a glass dewar and a digital camera capable of taking images at 240 frames per second we have observed trajectories of frozen H2 particles which follow the flow of liquid helium below 2 K, around a sphere oscillating at 38 Hz. In some of the images the motion is compatible with laminar flow, while at high amplitudes, where we can reach Reynolds numbers of a few thousand in the normal component, the flow is clearly turbulent. In some of the videos taken we find particles being suddenly accelerated to several times the velocity of the oscillating sphere.
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